Footnotes

　

1 This is a translated version of an article that appeared in the periodical Getsuyo Hyoron , on July 25, 1999, by Shigenobu Tomizawa. Some changes to the original text have been made with authorization from the author.

2 International Military Tribunal for the Far East

3 Iris Chang, Rape of Nanking, (New York: Basic Books, 1997) p.100

4 "It means that the Japanese condition that no Chinese soldiers are to be allowed in the Zone will not be fulfilled. For now at least we cannot even think of claiming to have a "Safety Zone," at most it's a "refugee zone." … we dare not let the press learn the whole truth yet" p.50, John Rabe, The Good Man of Nanking, (New York: Alfred A. Knope, 1998)

5 Hsu, Shuhsi, Ph.D. , Sometime Advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ed), Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, prepared under the Auspices of the Council of International Affairs, Chungking (Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh 1939) Dec. 17, 1937

6 Masaaki Tanaka, Nankin Jiken no Sokatsu, (Summary of the Nanking Incident) (Tokyo: Kenkosha, 1987) p.99

7 Rabe 54

8 25 November

9 John Rabe's "diary" has been published in German, Japanese, and English, in that order: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking, (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verglags-Anstalt GmbH, 1997) Nankin no Shinjitsu, (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1997) The Good Man of Nanking, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1998) Interestingly, the contents differ in the three versions. Therefore, what is quoted in one version may not be necessarily available in the other two versions. Here, the English and Japanese versions have been used.

10 Iris Chang, Rape of Nanking, p.50

11 ibid., p.46

12 Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, Dec.17, 1937

13 Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, a collection of official protest letters and documents written by the Safety Zone Committee from Dec.14, 1937 to Feb.19, 1938, which covers the "6 weeks of terror" described by Iris Chang.

Also, of the 25 incidents with 52 deaths, only 2 incidents were witnessed by the writers, 1 of which was legal, and 3 incidents had dead bodies left at the murder sites, while 20 other incidents were stories based on hearsay. Shudo Higashinakano, Nankin Gyakusatsu no Tettei Kensho, ("Thorough Examination of the Nanking Massacre") (Tokyo: Tentensha) see list on p.238-239

14 Lewis SC Smythe, War Damage in the Nanking Area, December, 1937 to March, 1938: Urban and Rural Surveys, on behalf of the Nanking International Relief Committee , June, 1938

15 Lewis SC Smythe, p.4 "City Survey - population" Dr. Smythe's actual figure is 221,150. However, he estimates that the population in late March was "250,000 to 270,000", allowing for some residents whom the students were not able to cover in the survey.

16 see footnote 12

17 Iris Chang, p.102

18 H.J.Timperley(ed.), What War Means: The Japanese Terror in China; A Documentary Record, China correspondent, Manchester Guardian, London, 1938

19 Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, Dec. 17, 1937

20 John Rabe. See also end table

21 Tomio Hora (ed.) Nicchu Senso Shiryo-shu (meaning "archival material on war between China and Japan") (Tokyo: Aoki Shoten, 1986)

22 Tomio Hora, Nankin Jiken Shiryo-shu, (meaning "archival materials on the Nanking Incident"), (Tokyo: Aoki Shoten, 1992)

23 Committee to compile archival material on the history of the battles of Nanking, Nankin Senshi Shiryo-shu, (meaning "archival materials on the battle of Nanking "), (Tokyo: Kaikosha , 1993)

24 Iris Chang, quoting Sun Zhaiwei

25 Hiroshi Yoshida, Nankin Jiken o Dou Miruka, (meaning, "How to understand the Nanking Incident"), (Tokyo: Aoki Shoten, 1998) quoting Sun Zhaiwei

26 quoting Hisashi Inoue, ibid.

27 Nankin Senshi, (meaning "Battle of Nanking), (Tokyo: Kaikosha, 1993)

28 Masami Unemoto, Shinso Nankin Jiken

29 Mitsuru Oi, Shikumareta Nankin Dai-gyakusatsu

30 The place names, originally in Chinese characters, are designated phonetically, in the Roman alphabet.

31 Most of the 16th Division was stationed outside the city, in the eastern suburbs, until December 24. For example, Shiro Azuma's troop (cited by Iris Chang, p.49) was not in the city of Nanking but garrisoned in the eastern suburbs from Dec.15~20.